Chapter
2
Review
of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents a
review of literature and studies that were found significantly related to the
present Water Analysis. It also included a gap bridged by the study and an
analytical framework.
Related
Literature
Water is very important to
life. Without water, life may not exist. Having water is not enough, it must be
clean water. To know what clean water is, parameters are used to test its
safety for the use of humans.
Coliform
is found in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals including humans. The
presence of fecal coliform in drinking water or at swimming
sites is evidence that human or animal waste has been or is present.1
Turbidity
is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due
to the presence of suspended particulates. The more total suspended solids in
the water, the murkier it seems and the higher the turbidity.3
Temperature
of water is a pHysical property expressing how hot or
cold water is. As hot and cold are both arbitrary terms, temperature can
further be defined as a measurement of the average thermal energy of a
substance.4
pH
is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 -
14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of
greater than 7 indicates a base. PH is really a measure of the
relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.5
Dissolved
oxygen is one of the most important indicators of water quality. It is
essential for the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. Oxygen dissolved in surface water due to the
aerating action of winds. Oxygen is also introduced into the water as a
byproduct of aquatic plant pHotosynthesis.6
Conductivity is defined as
'the ability or power to conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or sound'. Its
units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and millimhos per centimeter [mmho/cm]
in U.S. customary units. Its symbol is k or s.7
Salinity
is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. It is also
the amount of salt in a liquid substance.8
Related
Studies
In a study by Welch, Nancy
et al, it focused on the factors on what factors could affect coliform growth.
They have found great presence of e-coli bacteria in places with great amount
of coliform. Also, they considered the filtration of an area to affect coliform
growth.2
In
another study, it attempted to find measures of turbidity and pH affecting the
particles in the water. It showed that the more turbid the water, the more
organisms in the water. Also, the more acidic the water, the less particles in
the water.9
In
a study by the Central Arizona Government, they discussed that water with a TDS
over 1,200 mg/L is generally designated at unacceptable for human consumption
by the World Health Organization (1996) because it may cause adverse health
effects, such as diarrhea. It is typically rejected as a drinking water source
in ranges between 900-1,200 mg/L because it can affect the taste and color of
water. TDS does not have a set Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) and is therefore
not regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A
Secondary MCL (SMCL) of 500 mg/L is set for TDS, but a SMCL is not an
enforceable limit.10
Gap Bridged by
the Study
There are many studies
focusing on the safety of water considering coliform, turbidity, temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen, conductivity and salinity. Some used all of these parameters
in one research while others used only some at a time. Some focused on drinking
water while some focused on environmental water. While some studies have
similarities to the present water analysis, none so far has ever conducted a
study similar to the present study which attempted to find the differences
between salt water and fresh water in terms of coliform, turbidity,
temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and salinity. This is the gap
bridged by the study.
Analytical
Framework
The present water analysis
entitled: Identifying the Differences between Salt Water and Fresh Water in
terms of Coliform, Turbidity, Temperature, PH, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity
and Salinity, aimed to know the differences of salt water and fresh water to
determine water’s safety. These parameters were tested using the proper
procedures that should be followed.
NOTES
1http://www.healthvermont.gov/enviro/water/coliform.aspx
4www.fondriest.com/environmental.../parameters/water.../water-temperature/
5water.usgs.gov/edu/pH.html
6www.sarasota.wateratlas.usf.edu
7www.lenntech.com/applications/.../conductivity/water-conductivity.htm
8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity
10
https://www.pHoenix.gov/waterservices/resourcesconservation/yourwater/salinity-impacts-on-water/salinity-study
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